Information Technology and the University of Phoenix Essay

It was only recently that computers began to contribute to an emerging revolution in technology-assisted education. These machines provide an optimal means for storing, searching, and retrieving educational materials. Besides, computers are great for composing and editing written work. These machines permit self-directed and individualized instruction plus feedback in almost all areas of interest. So, e-learning and cyberlearning opportunities had to become a fad among the curious young individuals who had to find them irresistible (MacCormack and Jones, 1997). Adopting emerging technologies in educational settings has made instruction more effective and engaging (Barak and Fisher, 2001). And, the University of Phoenix happens to be a pioneer at it. Using Information Technology, the university has decided that it would continue to evolve and adapt to new challenges in the IT world. In other words, students at the University of Phoenix can be certain that their university would always use the latest in Information Technology to make the education experience even more fantastic. As it is, the IT world has made the University of Phoenix a learning organization, i. e. one that continually adapts and learns so as to respond to changes in the environment, and to grow (Learning Organization, 2007). Who would have thought thirty years back that an excellent education experience catering to people from all locations would be set up without having to relocate the people? By using IT to benefit a huge number of students, the University of Phoenix has, indeed, proved that it is possible to provide quality education at the computer terminal, especially for those students who INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX are either too busy to attend a full-time educational institutions or just do not have the resources to attend one. The University of Phoenix is most certainly a high performance organization, and IT has contributed to its high performance growth thus. According to the theory of high performance organizations, the University of Phoenix is already a high performance organization, seeing that its focus is on people and their needs. A professional, for instance, who cannot attend a full-time educational institution would find that the University of Phoenix is a blessing. Moreover, a high performance organization must keep on concentrating on innovation (High Performance, 1997). Innovation is, in fact, a promise of the University of Phoenix, since the university will not settle for inferior quality Information Technology programs to conduct itself. Rather, as mentioned before, the university is expected to adopt any new technology that enhances the educational experience. Furthermore, the University of Phoenix accentuates its strengths through the use of Information Technology – another feature of a high performance organization. To put it another way, the university does not stress the need for the standard classroom experience when everything that is truly required for the educational experience is available at the computer terminal. Lastly, the use of IT at the University of Phoenix is based on leadership-trust, which is yet another characteristic of high performance organizations (High Performance). According to this concept, the university provides a virtual environment that the student can trust. The student knows, for instance, that his personal INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIXÂ   information with the University of Phoenix would remain personal, despite the openness of the virtual world. Hence, the University of Phoenix is a high performance organization through and through. What is more, this great university is expected to continue as a learning, high performance organization for a long time to come. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX References 1. Barak, Azy, and Fisher, William A. (2001). Toward an Internet-Driven, Theoretically-Based Innovative Approach to Sex Education. The Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 38, Issue 4, pp. 324+.

Individualism as an American Culture Essay

Question: How do the examples involving the child who has fallen, the way food is served and eaten, and the newspaper route provide the author with significant insights into American cultural value? Do you agree with her interpretations? Poranee like many other immigrants are faced with various changes/challenges when they leave their homeland to start a new life in another country. Some of these changes are obvious, while others are not so blatant. Poranee first realized these changes with the simple question â€Å"how are you?† While somethings are consider normal and acceptable in one country, it may be consider rude or inappropriate in another. Poranee was raised in culture that emphasis service and togetherness, which is why she felt comfortable enough to help the fallen child. Without being told, she wouldn’t have known that letting the child get up himself will teach him to be independent from an early age. Just like the fallen child, eating off someone else plate or reaching across the table isn’t consider inappropriate since the Thais focuses more on forming a community than individualism. The American way of eating is consider inappropriate to the Thais because it is seen as selfish and inconsiderate to have so much food on your plate. I agree with the author on her interpretation of the examples except for the example about the newspaper route. I don’t think that the couple who own the BMW’s were materialistic because they were well off but still made their children work. I think that by making their son sell newspapers and their daughter babysit, they were teaching them the value of hard work Working teaches them that just because their parents have money, doesn’t mean they can sit around and do nothing.

Minnesota Rag Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Minnesota Rag - Essay Example Johan Morrison began to publish the Rip-Saw, this was published weekly which exposed the illegal uses and other vice, which according to Morrison were carried out directly or indirectly by the municipal authorities. Of the targets of the newspapers were the two legislators who weren't satisfied with route to ordinary defamation laws. With the help of the press established as Minnesota they sketched the Public Nuisance Law 1925 which allowed the permanent judge to direct the newspapers from publishing upon a finding that is "customarily or regularly" published "defamatory, malicious and scandalous" material. The defense was a truth given that the intention behind were good for justified ends. This was passed with little or no fame and press didn't show up an opposition, but before Duluth representatives, in order to shut down the Rip-Saw with the help of gag law, Morrison died. (P.14-27) Apart from the above another crisis rose of the whiskey trade from Canada, when Jay Near and an associate started the publication of the scandal sheet of their own called Saturday Press. While the conventional press often soft-pedaled its reporting on vice and corruption, the Press held nothing sacred. Sometimes trustfully but always recklessly, it accused law enforcement and political figures of seizing every available illicit opportunity. Unlike, Morrison, the publishers of the Press were scandalmongers without redeeming moral zeal, and they were frequently accused of using their paper as an instrument of blackmail (p. 32-35). In May 1928, the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously upheld the law's constitutionality, finding the Press to be a nuisance to public comfort and repose akin to noxious weeds, dogs and houses of prostitution. The court had no difficulty distinguishing "nuisances" like Near's rag from the "the sincere and honest voice of the press," which had no need to fear the statute (p 61). The constitutional guarantee, the court insisted, extends only to the boundaries of propriety; "licentiousness" is unprotected (p. 61-62). Consequently, the court found that "there is no constitutional right to publish a fact merely because it is true" p62. And when the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would undertake an appeal to the Supreme Court on Near's behalf (p. .63-64), the Minneapolis Evening Tibune's editorial echoed the court's emphasis on the need to protect only "responsible" journalism: "The Civil Liberties Union will no doubt make a great pother about the freedom of the press, but the legitimate newspapers will be rather bored than excited about it" (p.64-65). Enter Colonel Robert R. McCormick and his Chicago Tribune. Obsessed by government hostility to press freedoms McCormick nudged out the ACLU and assumed the financial burden and strategic control of the case. He believed that Near's accusation about local politicians probably were true (p. 70), and he feared in any event that, unless stamped out quickly, Minnesota technique for suppressing newspapers would spread to other states (p. 78). Client and patron soon developed divergent interest; while Near bridled at delays in resuming his tawdry livelihood, McCormick and his law firm were intent on gaining a constitutional victory at the highest level (p. 77, 84-87). In the end, McCormick had his way. At oral argument before the Supreme Court, Weymouth

Ballard Part 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ballard Part 2 - Research Paper Example In this case, they would get an opportunity to work at different locations. Thus, they can break the boredom of working at a single location which they do not like or ease their discomfort of working in a bad location. Employees from food division and female employees find it difficult to reach the workplace and go back home. To handle this aspect, BIMS might plan for arranging a vehicle for the employees, from prime locations in the town. This vehicle would work as per the shift timings of BIMS, have set stops and connect all the areas where most employees come from. This would ward off the stress in the minds of employees on how to reach home or office in time. The employees must be allowed to participate in planning their hours of work, along with their manager or supervisor. Monthly efforts planning sessions could be held with the employees and their respective higher-ups. In these one-to-one sittings, they get to discuss their limitations, constraints and personal appointments during the planning period with the managers and schedule their shifts and hours of work accordingly. This participative intervention would make the employees feel heard to. They understand that the management is concerned with their problems and thus, build their trust and morale towards work and the organization. Further, this exercise gives the employees the feel that their supervisors are according them due respect, treating them in a fair manner. This would aid in building better rapport between the employees and their supervisors and reducing the dislike for the supervisors, which is found to be the main reason behind leaving BIMS, by many employees. Training should be provided to the employees with respect to work. These training programs must target in increasing their confidence levels, raise their enthusiasm and equip them well. The preparation must make them ready to take up work. Focus on improving the communication within organization is also

Debate Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Debate - Assignment Example Thirdly, a high percentage of this group of urban dwellers lacks health insurance and need close healthcare attention (Smith, 1997). People in urban areas with limited access to healthy groceries are also forced to eat whatever they find and most of them are harmful to humans. This include oily foods like french fries and fried meat. However, it is vital to note that people in rural areas are also extremely vulnerable to disease and preference to health care should also be accorded to them. This is because people in rural areas have significantly poorer health status than urban dwellers. This is because people in rural areas engage in unhealthy practices such as smoking, and less exercise. Secondly, people in rural areas are less educated than those in urban areas, and tend not to comprehend the importance of health care in elongating their lives. Lastly, people in rural areas have limited access to health care and must travel long distances to acquire medical care. They can die or their conditions worsen before they gain adequate medical care (Bauer, 2011). In conclusion, I believe that due to the high pollution in urban areas dwellers tend to be prone to disease and require preference to health care. Furthermore, urban dwellers with limited access to healthy groceries lack the nutrients and vitamins in their body needed to fight off

The World of Word Processing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The World of Word Processing - Essay Example The word processor for several years featured a monochrome display and the ability to save documents on diskettes or otherwise. The later models had innovations like grammar checking, formatting options, and the dot matrix printing (Ward, 2005). This Microsoft word is the most widely used processing software with over one billion users across the globe. Other commonly used word processing applications are the word perfect that dominated in the years of the mid 1980s and early 1990s, the Microsoft MS-DOS, and the open source application. The current word processor is very power and consists of images, graphics, and the text latter handled with typesetting capability. The term word processing, invented in the late 1960s by IBM, got recognition by the by the New York Times as a buzzword in 1971. The international Business Machines provided a program that would generate printed documents on a mainframe computer and described it as a word processor. The new software combined peoples, proc edures, and applications that would transform idea into printed communications. The original Microsoft word contained a dictating machine and a manually operated S electric typewriter. The term word processor was taken to mean a semi automated typewriters with some form of electronic editing and correction ability (Gordon, 2010). Most of the persons working in the United States as secretaries utilized the word processing and it had impact on their careers. By this time, the word processing replaced the traditional secretary and emphasized more on the administrative roles of the businesses and industry. The invention of the word processor occurred in two phases. There was first the standard operating system control program that vastly brought increased standardization in the 1970s. The format for all the files and memory had similar structure across all the machines of that class. To change the type meant stopping the printer and a manual change of printing element (Castro, 2003). Th e additional memory made bi-directional printing possible hence eliminated delay caused by the return of print head to the left of the margin possible at the start of every program. The second phase was the introduction of the Microsoft disk operating system to replace the control program Microsoft (Word processor is a facility that records keystrokes from the keyboard and prints the same onto a paper in a separate operation system. It is used in the production of any sort of printable material (Ward, 2005). The word processor encompasses a stand-alone machine that combined the keyboard text-entry and printing function with a dedicated processor for the editing of texts. The features and the designs varied between the manufacturers but new features added advanced the technology. The word processor for several years featured a monochrome display and the ability to save documents on diskettes or otherwise. The later models had innovations like grammar checking, formatting options, and the dot matrix printing. This Microsoft word is the most widely used processing software with over one billion users across the globe. Other commonly used word processing applications are the word perfect that dominated in the years of the mid 1980s and early 1990s, the Microsoft MS-DOS, and the open source application. The current word processor is very power and consists of images, graphics, and the text latter handled with typesetting capability (CP/M computers). The IBM for its microcomputers first chose this system though it

Value of Concept of Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Value of Concept of Innovation - Essay Example Value innovation aims at seeking new and completely different value curves. High growth companies employ an approach that offers unknown value and compete by summoning the existing conditions. For this reasons they achieve sustained high growth in both revenues and profits. On the other hand, the less successful companies take a conventional approach, that is, they strategically work towards beating their competitors. In making their competitors irrelevant, the high growth companies employ a strategic logic referred to as value innovation (Kim, 2014). Discovery of hidden demand and creation of new demands are problems that value innovations redefine. The business model canvas aids an organization in carrying out structured, solid and strategic conversations surrounding new and existing businesses. Global companies employ the canvas in the management of strategy or in creating new growth engines (Verstraete, 2011). For businesses that are starting up, the model is used in search of an appropriate business model. The business canvas model aims at helping an organization move beyond product based thinking and towards thinking based on a business model. In a bid to explain the value of the business model in discussion, Nespresso a daughter company of Nestle shall be of reference. The company utilizes the tool in their regular planning and cycles of development. It is a company affiliated with the food and beverages industry. The business canvas model is used in the creation of a blueprint of their strategy. The model provides clarity in the foundation and direction for the impending conversation. Still on strategizing, the tool is utilized for strategic planning per business unit because it provides the organization with general information on the progress of the business units. The business canvas model works as a common language across the units of the business and provides the

Two smillier articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two smillier articles - Essay Example One of the components is the transforming growth factor, also known as TGF B-1. This is an immunosuppressive cytokine that is in the heart, meaning that it is a main protein that functions with relation to helping to fight immunity. It has been found that individuals who have a higher concentration of TGF B-1 in the heart also create atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Those who have regular coronary artery disease are not as likely to have the plasma concentration of TGF B-1. Those with both degenerative heart valves and regular coronary valves have a lower amount of TGF B-1, as well as a higher distribution amount of the cytokine throughout the body (Attaran et al, 2010). . The article used (Attaran et al, 2010), conducted a study to determine why those with atherosclerosis of coronary arteries create this specific dysfunction, as opposed to a regular coronary artery disease. 158 patients were studied who were undergoing treatment for coronary artery disease for the first time and which were required to have valve surgery. To conduct this survey, the enzyme inhibitors to the heart were stopped. After this was complete for a period of time, the blood from the heart was collected to determine how the plasma functioned within the heart. Enzyme linked chemicals were used to detect the amount of TGF B-1 that was in each patient’s blood. The results were then compared to the amount of TGF B-1 that was in the normal population and from those who had normal functioning of the heart (Attaran et al, 2010). There were several associations found between the dysfunction of atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and TGF B-1. It was found that those with atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries also suffered from hypertension and myocardial infarction in the past. It was also found that the mean concentration for TGF B-1 was lower than the normal population

Economic Miracle in Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Economic Miracle in Japan - Essay Example Although by definition, a miracle is inexplicable, the basic cause behind Japan's economic success can perhaps be explained in simple terms: the indomitable desire of the Japanese people to grow, their deeply persistent will to succeed at any cost. Between 1945 and 1970, the Japanese economy sustained an unprecedented annual growth rate of nearly ten percent on average (Kosai). But this in itself would seem like a minor detail in comparison to the stupendous driving force that compelled the Japanese people to race towards technological excellence and economic supremacy, most notably during 1960's. In the second-half of 1960's Japan reached a peak of economic progress, with an average of nearly 12% real annual growth rate. And for nearly 40 years surrounding this peak period, the country and its people subordinated all other goals in order to single-mindedly pursue their ambition of catching up with the U.S. economy (Crawford). In fact, their ambition knew no bounds; the aggressive st rain so characteristic of Japanese men, which was employed for the purposes of destruction during the War, was rechannelled into more positive and constructive directions during the years of the economic boom. Consequently, Japan thrived, and even today, as well as for geneartions to come, represents a legendary story of success, an inspiration and exemplar for scores of developing nations in Asia and elsewhere. In fact, Japan should become an inspiration to itself. If this nation could pull it off once - this so-called economic miracle - it can pull it off again. All it needs is a push! While circumstances associated with Japan's days of glory may be at sharp variance from those of today, and while many of its past economic policies stand discredited today, and its culture too is changing fast - deep down, the spirit of this ancient nation remains as powerfully vital as ever. Above all, miracles have to do with spirit - of which Japan perhaps does not need too much before it again becomes a force to be reckoned with. Factors contributing to Japan's High Growth Rate: Although Japan's spectacular economic growth culminating towards the end of 1960's may initially give the impression of not being subject to rational analysis, in the same manner as a painting of supreme artisitry or as a deeply touching Zen haiku, it too is as much a cause-and-effect phenomenon as any other worldly matter. Japan is the purest example of what has become known as a producer economic state. But what lies behind this country's remarkable and record-breaking productivity levels Advances in knowledge, for one thing. Japan's economic success was achieved to a great extent on the basis of a superior technological know-how. The Japanese had the intellectual capacity to soak in vast amounts of knowledge necessary to stay at par with any other nation in our modern techonology-dominated world - and they put their intellects at the service of technology with a vengeance. They not only were able to ingeniously adopt the latest technologies, they actually adapted it to their own needs, and were moreover setting a number of innovative trends in a wide variety of technology-intensive industries. But even more than the share of knowledge, at least

Master and slave operation Essay Example for Free

Master and slave operation Essay Bluetooth devices exist in small ad-hoc network configuration with the ability to operate as either master or the slave; the specification also allows a mechanism for master and slave to switch their roles. The configurations can be single point, which is the simplest configuration with one master and one slave. Multipoint, called a Piconet, based on up to 7 slaves clustered around a single Master. And a third type called a Scatternet, this is a group of Piconets effectively hubbed via a single Bluetooth device acting as a master in one Piconet and a slave in the other Piconet. The Scatternet permits either larger coverage areas or number of devices than a single Piconet can offer. Figure 5 outlines the different master and slave topologies permitted for networks in the standard (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). The role of the master is to control the available bandwidth between the slaves, it calculates and allocates how often to communicate with each slave and locks them into the appropriate frequency hopping sequence. The specification describes an algorithm that calculates the hop sequence, the seed being based on the master’s device address and clock. In addition to hop sequence control, the master is responsible for transmit control by dividing the network into a series of time slots amongst the net members, as part of a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheme. These time slots can consist of data and potentially additional voice traffic i. e. you will always need a data channel before you can add a voice channel. The time slot is defined as 625  µs and all packet traffic is allocated 1, 3 or 5 slots, grouped together in transmit and receive pairs. Prior to connection some operations such as inquiry, paging and scanning operations may sometimes occur on half slots (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Figure 5: Point to point, Piconet and Scatternet. A. 2. 3 Voice and Data Links. Bluetooth carries communication traffic over two types of air interface links defined as Asynchronous ConnectionLess (ACL) or Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO). During a connection the links carry voice and data traffic in the time slots and are categorised as either time critical, as used for voice and audio, or high speed non-time critical data with a mechanism for acknowledgement and re-transmission. The first link established between master and slave is the ACL link and carries high speed data that is insensitive to time. It is packet switched, as the data is sporadic in nature, asynchronous, contains asymmetric and symmetric services and uses a polling access scheme. A master may be permitted to have a number of ACL links up to the maximum number of slaves permitted by the specification but only one link is allowed between any two devices (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Once an ACL has been established a SCO link can be created on top of the ACL link. The SCO link is circuit switched; it has symmetric synchronous services and has slot reservation at fixed intervals, making it suitable for time critical data such as voice. The specification restricts the number of SCO links that a master can support to three. Summarising the two types of links: ACL ? Packet constructed of a 72 bit access code, a 54 bit packet header, a 16 bit CRC and Payload data ? Largest data packet is DH5 giving 723. 2 Kb/s as highest data rate in one direction. ? Non time critical data ? Asynchronous ? Packet switched ? Polling access SCO ? Same access code and header as ACL packets ? ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and SEQ (SEQuence) flags redundant since flow control and re-transmissions do not apply ? Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) field is absent? Payload fixed at 30 bytes, with source data of 10, 20 or 30 bytes ? Circuit switched ? Symmetric synchronous services ? Slot reservation at fixed intervals A special case exists that mixes SCO and ACL packets. Known as the Data Voice (DV) packet it carries data and voice on regular intervals like the SCO. The voice data has no flow control or CRC as per SCO packets, whereas the data part of the DV packet has flow control, re-transmission of the data part is permitted and the data part is CRC protected (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†).

Distributed Systems Definitions

Distributed Systems Definitions Distributed Systems: There is always compromise when we use distributed systems. Being a distributed systems expertise means knowing the best compromise to make. There is no global clock. Distributed systems definition: A distributed systems is defined as a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as single coherent system. Software systems that operate on more than one computer Internet, Intranet. Mobile computing, Wireless and other modern technologies. Distributed Systems areas: Parallel computing Grid computing Cluster computing Distributed computing Motivation for distributed systems: Resources sharing Geographical and legacy reasons Flexibility Scalability Robustness Security System Design Distributed pervasive Systems Requirements for pervasive systems Wireless, small, battery powered Discover environment. Embrace contextual changes. Encourage ad hoc composition Recognize sharing as the default Personal space vs. shared space No central admin 1.Distributed Systems: A distributed systems is defined by collection of autonomous independent systems that shown to users as a single system via through network. The characteristics of distributed system are multiple autonomous components which are not all shared by the users. Resources cannot be shared to all the users. Software running on the system is concurrent on different processors. In which happened to be multiple point of control and multiple points of failure. Some common characteristics can be achieved using distributed systems resource sharing, openness, concurrency, scalability, fault tolerance, transparency. Types of distributed systems include distributed computing systems, distributed informative systems, distributed pervasive systems. 2.Transmission Control Protocol: Transmission Control Protocol totally depends on network connection to transfer data, TCP requires connection between client and server, It does like a three way handshake.   Host A sends a SYN to B, B sends a SYN and ACK and Host A sends a ACK to B then TCP connection is established. I used this as reference http://www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/internet/tcp/3-way_handshake.shtml. 3.User Datagram Protocol: User Datagram protocol is connectionless. It does not check if the packets are received are not and there is no guaranteed connection. There is chance in packet loss during transmission,   more unreliable way to send data.   The advantage is speed and cost free. UDP mostly used in online gaming which uses more interaction and respond quickly from player, video streaming like YouTube, twitch 4.Lamport Bakery Algorithm: Lesile Lamports bakery algorithm is designed for the safety purpose of using shared resources between multiple threads by mutual exclusion.   There will be a global counter that displays the number threads being served. The remaining threads have to wait in the line. When the thread completes its process the next thread being served. There are some limitations in the analogy. Its is possible that more than one thread have same number and when they request it. Request cannot be provided So to clear this limitation each thread is provided with a priority. The priority is based on the lower value or higher value then thread will enter the critical section. Critical section: The critical section requires immediate attention access to resources and only be executed one thread at a time.   When a thread enters a critical section, Its has to have its turn and must have smallest number because in case the other threads have the same number the smallest will be executed first. 5.Remote Procedure Call(RPC): Remote procedure call is based on the client and server model. The client machine sends the data to the server machine based on request from user its is a synchronous operation that requires suspend the current program until the RPC is returned. Its a light weight process so multiple RPC can be performed concurrently. RPC Is like a function call, the calling arguments are passed through to the remote procedure and the caller waits for the response from the remote procedure. The RPC is made between two networked systems. A thread can be blocked until either a request or reply is arrived or it will time out. When the request is received the server will send a dispatch routine that performs the requested services and sends the client a reply. 6. Internet Protocols: Internet protocols are used for computer communication and also used to identify a computers address. An IP address as a 32 bit number and this called as IPV4 the development of IPV6 is predicted that depletion of available addresses. So IPV6 uses 128 bits for a address. IPV4 example 172.16.254.1 (IPV4) and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (IPv6). 7. Synchronization: Synchronization policy is not to go into deadlock condition. Consider multiple process tries to access resources which is in the distributed environment. The synchronization process is to handle all the requests from the process and assign them the resources based on the priority requested client and with pre-defined conditions synchronizing the clients with their request without going into deadlock condition. 8. Server: A server is a computer programs that runs in a computer or other computer and it provides other computer to connect through via network. A computer that usually runs server program are usually the server. If it run every time then it usually called the dedicated server. In client/server program the server program always waits and fulfills the client request. The few types of servers from other number of possibilities: Application Server: Its in the distributed networks that provide the business logic for an application program. Proxy Server: A proxy server is software that acts as a mediator between endpoint devices such as computer and a client and another server from which a user or client requesting a service. Virtual Server A virtual server is a program that usually runs on the shared server. The way it seems to each user that they have the complete control over the server. Policy Server: Policy server is a security component which has a policy based network that provides authorization services and facilitates tracking and control of files. 9. Client: A client is a computer that retrieves information from or users resources provided by the server or main computer. Web browsers are clients that connect to the web servers and retrieve web pages for display same as email clients and multiplayer video games. A client is a part of client-server architecture and client and servers are computer programs that may be run in the same computer and get connected to each other through Inter process communication (i[i) techniques through Internet sockets. There are different types of clients Fat client, Thin Client and Hybrid Client. Fat Client: A fat client is also said to be rich client which stores bulk number of data and does not rely on data processing operations itself. Thin Client: A thin client is a minimal sort of client. It requires resources from the host computer. It process data only provided by an application server. Hybrid Client: A hybrid client is combination of both fat and thin client. But relies on the server for storing the persistent data. Fat client supports (multimedia support, high performance) and thin client supports (high manageability, flexibility). 10. Bandwidth: Bandwidth is referred in bits, how many bits of data are transferred per second in a connection. Higher bandwidth often translates into high performance, although overall performance also depends on the other factors. Bandwidth can measured in units of bits per second(bps). 11. Synchronous and Asynchronous calls: A synchronous call can be defined by call opens a socket and waits for a response before closing the socket. Using synchronous calls server can waste resources, and can timeout. Such as running a server upgrade or downloading a big file. When using Asynchronous calls can be defined by, the client sends the request and then immediately a   response is sent to the specified callback server. A http 202 response is immediately returned from the HTTP connection that invoked the service. Asynchronous calls do not wait for a response to the close the socket. Once the service is complete, the response is sent to the specified callback server. 12. Gossip Protocol: A gossip protocol   is a method of communication now used in the modern days to spread message. This is epidemic protocol sometimes pronounced as gossip protocol where the gossips spread the information in a manner similar to virus spread. Most often distributed systems use gossip protocol to solve the mighty difficulty problems because the network might be huge, because gossip solutions are the easiest ones to spread the solutions. There are three prevailing types of Gossip protocols Dissemination Protocols: They basically work as a   flooding agents in the network. It produces the worst case loads: Event dissemination protocols: It uses high latency to report events. Gossips occurs periodically and the events dont trigger any gossip. Background data dissemination Protocols: Constantly gossip about the information associated with the participating nodes. Latency isnt a concern Anti-entropy protocols: Anti-entropy protocols are used to repair the replicate the data. By comparing the replicas and reconciling differences. Protocols that computes aggregates: These compute the network-wide aggregates by sampling the information at the nodes in the network and combing the values to arrive at a system-wide value- The largest value for some measurement nodes are making, the smallest etc. The key requirement is that the aggregate must be computable by fixed-size pair wise information exchanges; these typically terminate the after a number rounds of information exchange logarithmic in the system size. 13. Network Address Translation Network address Translation (NAT) is the virtualization of internet protocol addresses. NAT is a process of remapping the IP address space into one another by modifying the network information in internet protocol. The technique was originally used to improve security and decrease the number of IP addresses an organization needs. The more advanced implementations used in NAT are the Ip masquerading. Ip masquerading is also form of NAT which allows the internal computers with no known address outside their networks, to communicate to the outside. 14. Middleware: Middleware is defined as the software layer that is between the operating system and system applications and it can be found in both client and server machines.   When two computers are getting communicated the middle ware hides the information of both computers to one another. The middleware also acts as a bridge between the client and server.   The middleware allows the client and server to communicate with each other so that there arent any issues such as incompatible OS, programs. 15. DHCP: DHCP (Dynamic host configuration protocol) is a client/server protocol. There is a DHCP server that will dynamically distribute network configuration parameters. It assigns the IP address to the network dynamically. When a client connects to a network, the DHCP clients sends a broadcast request a information. DHCP manages a pool of IP addresses and information about the client such as default gateway, domain name, name servers. A DHCP server can assign a new address whenever it wants based on administrator assignment policies. DHCP server have three methods of allocating IP address: 1) Dynamic allocation 2) Automatic allocation 3) Manual Allocation 16.Inter-process communication: Inter process communication is interfaces that allow programmer to coordinate activates among different program processes that can run concurrently in a an operating system. This allows program to handle many user requests at the same time. The single request may lead to multiple process running on this situation process needs to communicate each other. So IPC interfaces will take care. 17.Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a wireless technology was designed in 1994 by Ericsson. Bluetooth uses UHF radio waves which covers a short distances of ISM band from 2.4 Ghz to 2.485 Ghz. It was the wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Data is getting divided into packets and transmits each packets to designated Bluetooth channels. The channels bandwidth is of 1MHz. A Bluetooth device can connect up to maximum of 7 devices. It switches rapidly from one to another using a round robin scheduling algorithm. 18.One time pad: One time pad is an encryption technique. In this technique the actual message is converted into binary form and data is padded with extra new random binary bits the logic is implemented along with it. When the process is done we should be having a new binary bits which is no longer similar to the original message or the padded bits. These bits are padded using XOR binary operator. The padding bits has to lengthy so decrypting will take a time. If its too short the padding can be easily decrypted. 19.Authorization:

History of Germany Essay -- essays research papers

Germany, a country rich in culture and heritage, yet plagued by the fallout of World War I and World War II, has progressed to become the centerpiece of the European Union and the world’s third richest economy. The first German Empire dates back to the Roman Empire starting in the 8th century AD. During the Middle Ages the German Empire fended off many attacks against their soil from the Hungarians and the Slavs. Fighting and power struggles continued until the 1400’s, when the modern world gradually came into existence with intellectual, economic and political changes. During the late 1490’s and early 1500’s, Maximilian I put into motion his plan to reform the German Empire by creating an Imperial Supreme Court (Reichskammergericht), levying imperial taxes and increasing the power of the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) (Wikipedia). By the mid 1500’s Germany was a reforming nation with revolts, uprisings and a general division of the empire based on religious beliefs and resentment. This division of factions led to the Thirty Year’s War which ravaged Germany from 1618 to 1648. The war ended in 1648 with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia. As a result, German territory was lost to France and Sweden. In the following years, imperial power declined as states gained more power. This power struggle led to a century of resistance against German rule and persecution. The French revolution sparked a new war between France and its Eastern neighbors. In 1803 Napoleon relaunched the war against the Roman Empire and abolished almost all the smaller secular states and most of the imperial free cities (Wikipedia). The Roman Empire was formally dissolved on August 6, 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II resigned. At that time the Confederation of the Rhine was established under Napoleon’s protection and in 1815 Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo. Following Napoleon’s defeat, the territory of the former Roman Empire was broken into a loose union of 39 states with 35 ruling princes and 4 free cities. Germany began to be industrialized in the 19th century. In 1825 the first steamship sailed on the Rhine and in 1833 the first telegraph was constructed. Railway lines were built in 1835 and in 1866 Siemens constructed the first dynamo (Wikipedia). The industrialization led to modern warfare techniques and ultimately the nationalism, imperialist competition and mi... ...est Berlin (Wikipedia). West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl outlined a plan for the unification of the two nations on November 28, 1989. A formal union of the two political systems occurred in October, 1990. In essence, East Germany was annexed by West Germany and took on its monetary and legal systems. Currently, Germany is quite possibly the centerpiece of the European Union and a strong support of the enlargement of NATO and the EU. Germany’s military participate in multinational relief efforts and has backed the United States in Afghanistan after the terrorist attacks on 9/11. With annual exports of $900 billion, Germany is the World’s leading exporter, well ahead of the United States. Even with its tarnished past and history of war and struggles, Germany is a country that has come a long way in the last two decades with respect to its government, industry and education. Detwiler, Donald S. Germany: a Short History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999. â€Å"History of Germany.† Wickipedia. 4 Aug. 2005. 28 Jul 2005 â€Å"History of Germany since 1945.† Wickipedia. 24 Jul 2005. 28 Jul 2005 K., Joseph & G., Owen. A History O’Germany. 7 Feb 2001. 28 Jul 2005

Colonization and the Black Mans Struggle Essay -- A Level Essays

Colonization and the Black Man's Struggle Slavery was one of the most horrific and in human acts ever instilled on a race of people ever in our world's history. People were stolen from their homelands, broken apart from their families, and were thrust into a lifestyle that inhibited their every move and instilled harsh punishments on them. It is almost impossible for many of us to comprehend the mindsets that these slave owners possessed, but history paints a truly horrific and emotional picture for us all to see. In speaking about slavery many quickly think of the African struggle under the possession of the whites, but slavery is not nearly as recent an occurrence as 1492 when Columbus reached the New World. For thousands of years slaves have been used for means of menial labor and the general dirty work of the more wealthy proprietors. Slaves were used in the creation of the pyramids in Egypt, work on Mayan temples in South America, and even used by the Mongols in northern Asia as a part of the Mongolian fighting machine. The enslavement of the Africans, however, created a legacy of oppression and tyranny that carried on much longer after the abolition of the systems. The reason for this is that African slaves were not looked upon as humans at all, but as a commodity that could be abused and sold purely for the purpose of making a profit. In most other instances of slavery throughout history motives like religion and love for a king drove the souls of the men and women laborers. This is the major striking difference between the Africans enslaved by the white man from the early fifteen hundreds until today. Although today slavery is abolished in all of Europe and America the people of Africa are still in a sense enslaved by... ... domination over others. Bibliography Barrett, E. Leonard. (1997). The Rastafarians. Boston: Beacon Press. Bridges, George. (1828). The Annals of Jamaica. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. Carley, Mary. (1963). Jamaica: Old and the New. New York: Fredrick A. Praeger Publishing. Floyd, Berry. (1979). Jamaica- an Island Microcosm. New York: Saint Peters Press. Gardner, W. J. (1873). A History of Jamaica. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. Green, Cencilia. (1997). Historical Roots of Modern Caribbean Politics. Against the Current. Vol. 12, (4), 34-38. Hart, Richard. (1999). Towards Decolonisation: Political, Labour, and Economic Development in Jamaica. Kingston: Canoe Press. Manley, Michael. (1975). A Voice at the Workplace. Washington D. C.: Howard University Press. Verrill, A. Hyatt. (1931). Jamaica of Today. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.

U.S. Drug Policy Versus Drug Reality Essay examples -- Argumentative P

If the United States is serious about winning the war on drugs, it will have to face some hard facts about the failure of its drug policy to date. Since Reagan introduced the war on drugs in the early 1980s, the focus of anti-drug legislation has been on incarceration and eradication, not on drug education and treatment. Drug use is viewed as a crimethe same way that burglary and murder are viewed as crimeswithout examining the social and economic causes behind drug use. This categorization of drug use as criminal misrepresents the nature of addiction. Drug addicts do not abuse drugs because they are deviant or even because they consciously desire to cause harm to themselves or to those around them, they abuse drugs because they are physically dependent on those substances for survival. The only effective way to break that cycle of dependency is through extensive detoxification and treatment programs. Not all advocates of reshaping Americas drug policy are in favor of legalization or complete decriminalizaton of drug use, though such steps are being increasingly entertained as a possible solution to Americas drug problem. On the contrary, a growing number of doctors and scientists are coming out in favor of a shift in Americas policies from hard-line law enforcement to rehabilitation and education-based deterrence. The need for such a shift in policy becomes more apparent when one weighs the magnitude of government outlays on drug-related law enforcement against the ineffectiveness of the war on drugs to date. A few basic statistics on federal allocation of anti-drug funds and on federal prison records illustrate the extent to which American drug policy is focused on the blunt tool of punishment. In 1997, the federal budget f... ... their ability to impair a persons judgment, etc. The government should realize that drug users are not criminals. They should establish more government treatment facilities in low income areas so that treatment would be an option available not only to wealthy actors and models but to the anonymous mass of low-income addicts. The free distribution of sterile needles is needed to combat the transmission of AIDSnot as a tacit advocacy of drug use. At an international meeting of the United Nations Drug Control Program in 1994, the United States refused to sign any statement mentioning the phrase harm reduction, as such a stance was seen as taking a soft-line on drugs. It is time for the United States government to wake up to the reality that the future of the War on Drugs lies with doctors, educators and sociologists and not with law enforcement agents and politicians.

The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives

For most parts of history, government financial executives have been taken as scorekeepers, and made responsible for collecting, processing and reporting the financial information that used by elected officials and senior managers who use them in making their decisions. The question is whether their role has now changed with the present importance of information technology. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) Now there is increasing evidence of the importance that information technology is getting in public administration and this is resulting in more and more insistence from the public that government financial executives have a greater say in all decision making activities of the government. The finance executives are now the individuals to lead the charge for getting an entrepreneurial type of government and have it judged based on its performance. For most of the finance executives now, the changes are leading to redesigning of entire processes related to finance, introducing best practices for financial management, improving and integrating financial management with other information management and in certain cases even shifting the responsibility of all financial operations to outsiders. The trend is now to change finance functions in a manner that control functions for financial expenditures are built into non-financial processes so that the non-financial manager also has to take up responsibility for the activities. From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) This provides a lot more freedom to the finance experts to use their expertise for the purpose of finance. The attempt here is not to demean the traditional duties of government financial executives, as it is always important to comply with accounting and financial reporting that is required, make correct cash reconciliation and process all financial transactions in time. Yet, these activities were generally thought to be only the regular duties of the finance executives. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) There are also finance officers at different levels and the state or provincial level executives who are the link to the local finance officers from the top. They meet rarely – generally once a year during annual conferences of some type or the other. The importance of these executives is in the fact that they represent their association at official ceremonies. (State and provincial representatives (Profiling GFOA)) The importance of financial officers is being increasingly recognized and in the preface to the GAAFR 2005, which is the set of guidelines to be followed. There are the summarization and specific revisions as also updates of the text of the 2001 edition: there is addition of all the amendments that were earlier included in the GAAFR Update supplement; there has been addition of new material which are connected to the GASB statements from 39 through 45; there has been addition of new material based on the guidance that had been given in the comprehensive implementation guide as given in the GASB 2004; that included a guidance that was given for the first time in relation to GASB statement 40; there was addition of a new section related directly to all school district issues; there was reworking of a significant number of chapters; the set of references to original material was increased to a large extent so that research on the subject could become easier; an expanded and revised glossary and a redesigned index. (Making the most of the New Blue Book) Thus the importance of the finance executives in operation of the government is certain ly realized and steps are being taken to help them in operation of their functions. This is because of the present importance of the functions of the finance executives which helps the government in various ways like helping operation managers develop the financial parts of business cases and proposals for new or expanded services; leading efforts to reposition and increase the funding sources which have not been appropriated like fees, rents, royalties and franchises; provide guidance for financing new and original ventures like setting up of revolving funds, getting into public and private partnerships, or even setting up of fee for service arrangements; help performance based management; to activate a level playing field for the competition between government and the private sector. From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) Sometimes the finance executives are placed in situations beyond their capability and these results in many problems. One of the instances when this sort of event occurs is in situations when the elected person leaves it to the finance person to manage the affairs in even the small cities. Even they have become multi-million dollar enterprises today. The elected person may have been a merchant, homemaker, lawyer, community activist or anything else, but in general they have little understanding of public finance. This makes them rely on the administrators or auditors that they have in their organization. This is what happened in Orange County, California and the faulty investment strategy of the treasurer led to losses for the county of well over a billion dollars. The budget that is presented may be balanced, but that does not mean that the collection and disbursement of money is in proper order. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) In certain cases, for balancing the budget, easy methods are adopted; the money is drawn from reserves. This withdrawal can be done only once, yet the city of Miami followed this process for many years as the city had deficit operations and used bond collections to cover it up. The important matter is that the budget be balanced through the use of current revenues only. This can be understood by looking at the general fund balance sheet and the total requirement checked and the collected resources should exceed the requirements. Any management of a public corporation should be adding to the funds and not decreasing the funds by drawing from it. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) This is the primary responsibility of finance executives as they are able to understand financial statements the best. Yet problems of this nature keep on happening and a Senator in United States was shocked to learn that District of Columbia had received an unqualified audit opinion though it had a deficit as high as $700 million. The reply from the audit firm was that the financial statements were presented properly and â€Å"in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles†. Guarding the Public Checkbook) Thus the matter should have been determined by the accounting executives and brought to the notice of the people as it is their funds that are not in order. The job of the leadership is to decide where the body has to be taken, and the finance executives have to determine what is happening to the revenue base, what are the major problems for the body, what are the implications of the changes that have been made, and so on. When the issue of Orange County bankruptcy hit the headlines, the final truth was revealed that both the chief administrator and the treasurer did not know much about finance. This should have been mentioned by them and the decisions left to better qualified individuals. These sorts of problems come up when the recruitment and hiring processes are not correct. Otherwise someone should have realized that it all right to hire individuals who are not financial experts, but every organization must have at least one individual with that capacity. It is clear that elementary oversight must be practiced. In the case of Orange County, supervisor Bill Steiner clearly admitted that he did not know what questions he should have asked, and this finally made him an accomplice in the whole unfortunate affair. It is important that individuals in charge of recruitment develop the knowledge of asking relevant financial questions. Even when the problem was noted, another mess was nearly started when the county thought of using a sales tax increase as their method of getting out of the situation. The county had fallen into a position where it had to decide on privatization, program reduction, asset sales, etc. the county was trying to take a simple way out. It is clear today that the increase in tax was neither intelligent nor needed. The best advice for the county was to file for financial bankruptcy and this was provided by the Board of Supervisor, Thomas Reilly. (Guarding the Public Checkbook) It is clear that finance executives have an important role and they must live up to the expectations of the people who they are serving. However, like all other government officials, even accounting personnel have to provide leadership and one such case was in the disaster recovery effort after the Hurricane Ivan had struck northern Florida. They were a team of six high level managers who are normally accustomed to working in nice offices in a large organization. They had to toil from dawn to dusk in very high temperatures with steamy weather and there was no electricity. There was no fresh water and not a place for them to take a break. They had to do a lot of physical labor and adequate tools were not available. The food was just peanut butter, cheese from a tube, apples, and candy bars – and this was the same food for all three meals. Sleep was in the back of a cramped vehicle and that had no air-conditioning, and go through the same schedule for a few days. Yet in spite of all the difficulties the team were focused on there jobs, with cooperation and high enthusiasm. Yet the reasons why they had come were not due to government duty, but with the purpose of helping a colleague whose home had been badly damaged. (Unlocking the potential of Your Employees) The main story about all this is that the secret of making people work with a will is treating them like trusted and valued adults. They can work the best when there are clear goals and expectations with autonomy, feedback and appreciation. At the same time, it is essential that the leaders also show a certain amount of enthusiasm and human touch. The leaders have to continue working with the same energy and dedication while relinquishing some amount of control and authority. The attitude of the leaders to others must be one of empathy, or fellow feeling. On top of everything, no leader should feel that the leader knows best about all matters, and be ready to apologize when they make mistakes. These are certain behavioral techniques that help in getting the best help from employees. (Unlocking the potential of Your Employees) This appreciation of leadership role is useful to the chief financial officers and finance directors who are no longer being viewed as only scorekeepers but as trusted business advisors and partners. In the private sector, this change has been going on for quite some time, but it has started only recently in the government. This also determines the role of the financial executives and they have to spend most of their time in determining the correct strategic and operating decisions and spend much less time in earlier operations which used to take up a lot of time – like account reconciliation, payment processing and historical financial reporting. This is all being done in the machine, and thus the shift of the emphasis of the finance executive's direction is not requiring extra employment. (From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) As a matter of fact, the size of employees in the finance function will reduce. The change in the role of the finance executive is occurring in all organizations. Considering the development that has taken place over the last few years, it is important for financial executives to strike a balance between their roles as score keeper and adviser. What is meant by balance is that the regular work also has to be finished, and at the same time take up a more important role in organizational development. The results of this change in the government organizations can be seen through improved budgetary processes that are now beginning to link funds allocation to performance achieved, innovative methods to recover administrative costs, and increased use of technology to reduce the need for reconciliation and useless data entry. The help from technology is high in the areas of account reconciliation, payment processing and historical financial reporting. From Scorekeeper to Business Partner: The Evolving Role of Government Financial Executives) One of the important measures of finance officers in local governments is now performance measures and that is driven by increasing demands from citizens for government accountability, increased interest from local legislators regarding performance related information so that better evaluation can be made of programs as also for resource allocation and the efforts from different organizations and professional associations to make governments targeted to results. The performance measures allow policy makers, managers and the general public find out the effectiveness of government services. The measurement of performance takes into account the resources used, the activities generated by the programs and the final results obtained from the programs and services. However quite a few of the performance measurement activities are limited to only measuring program inputs and outputs. (Performance Measurement) On the other side, correct methods of performance measurement should also talk about the program results. From the side of the government, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board or GASB has been concentrating on performance measurement from the early 1980s. As a result of this concentration, there was a series of research reports called â€Å"Service Efforts and Accomplishments reporting† that was issued for the help of governments in measuring performance. This was followed up in 1994 with the second statement on the same lines. This stated that â€Å"service efforts and accomplishments information – including both financial and non-financial performance measures – is an essential aspect of the measurement of governmental performance and is necessary for assessing accountability and making informed decisions†. (Performance Measurement) It is important for government finance executives to tell the truth and not hide it for presentation purposes. An example is in the case of Oregon where the proportions of adult Oregonians who are smokers are only 20. 7 percent when in the rest of the country the same ratio is 23. 2 percent. Yet, they were not felt to be enough in Oregon as the state had fixed a target of 15 percent to be achieved by 2000 and this was fixed in the year 1989 by the benchmarks program in the state. While fixing the target, the committee was anything but realistic as this sort of non-smoking does not exist in United States. This is a matter that should have been properly discussed at the time of setting up the targets. The targets were set in all areas with direct goals to be reached – in health, education, economic development, environmental policy and so on. (The Problem with promises) The decision was taken that the state government would try to reach these targets within ten years. The decisions for allocation of funds and other matters were then to be made according to the achievements of targets. In one of these instances, the state wanted to reduce the use of drugs among students of the eighth standard to 3 percent from the original figure of 14 percent. Some time later it was realized that the target would not be reached, and then the solution sought for the problem was to change the target to 15 percent from 3 percent. At the end of the period, the proportion of users was 14 percent – the same as at the start of the plan – but it was viewed that the target has been reached. (The Problem with promises) These types of efforts by the accounts officers are just efforts to hide the truth and do not help any part of society. The importance of being truthful has been realized by the National Performance Review and they have stated that â€Å"effective entrepreneurial governments insist on customer satisfaction. They listen carefully to their customers – using surveys and focus groups – and restructure their basic operations to meet customer needs. They use market dynamics such as competition and customer choice to create incentives that drive their employees to put the customer first†. (Linking Quality to Business Planning and Performance Goals in Local Government) The importance of government finance officers are best utilized when they end up providing the truth to the public.

The Difference between Person Centred and Psychodynamic therapy

‘Person-centred and psychodynamic counsellors have a lot to offer each others†¦.. however when the differences between the approaches are examined there are significant areas of contradiction and incompatibility' Wheeler and McLeod (1995) briefly compare the key principles of Person Centred and Psychodynamic approach and critically evaluate where the approaches part company with one another Person centred and psychodynamic counsellors, both have one main aim -to help people develop in a positive way and to move forwards , however the methods they use to reach this goal varies . I will give a brief description of both of the key concepts and compare them ,then evaluate how these differences make the two approaches separate . The Psychodynamic Approach focuses on our mind soul and spirit and how our past can influence these aspects especially our childhood experiences and unresolved childhood conflicts can lead to anxiety and problems when older. Psychodynamic is very much about looking into our unconscious it also delves into how people deceive themselves as to our intentions desires and beliefs and how these deceptions can cause conflict between our expressed goals and our actions. Important aspects of Freudian theory has been the idea that these traumatic experiences are actively repressed and therefore clients are likely to repeat patterns of behaviours . he key concepts address psychosexual stages that occur in the childhood stages of development , the id, ego, super ego and ego defences mechanisms, Freud believed all of these unconscious thought processes lead to a persons present behaviour. Psychodynamic counsellors goal is to make the client aware of there unconscious and dive into there early childhood conflicts . Interpreting transference is often used to link these past conflicts to the present problems, dream analysis may be used to achieve this, free association and possibly transference is used to unlock past co nflicts The Person Centred Approach is more directed as looking at a person as a whole and looks at people with a positive approach and believes with the right given conditions everyone should be able to grow and reach there full potential and even though the past is taken into consideration it is not the main theme like psychodynamic , the main matter now is the present and the relationship between the client and the counsellor and counselling skills are vital in order to make the client feel like they can express themselves Dave Mearns acknowledged the important skills as being congruence ,empathy and unconditional positive regard. The key concepts involves looking a persons present and helping them move onwards to do this counsellors must look at aspects such as the actualising tendency(growth and development) and the six therapeutic conditions (the conditions needed to embrace change). The aims of a person centred counsellor is to provide the right environment for a client and offer a place where the client can feel free to explore themselves and the aspects of change that need to occur a counsellor must have certain qualities to encourage these changes, they must be genuine and have UPR and often try to achieve change by probing and formal analysis this involved a lot of questions and can be time consuming, especially if a client does not want to open up. We can see where these approaches part with each other, the two approaches both have different models of looking at personality and have different therapeutic aims and different techniques to reach these aims. Whereas the person centred approach focus's on experiencing and expressing feelings the psychodynamic approach aims to look at the underlying anxiety behind these feelings and the unconscious thought behind them. n a person centred approach this may result in congruence (directly addressing a situation ) which entails genuineness and personal disclosure in order for the client to feel self aware and would help with self acceptance and possible help the client with some aspects of there questions . owever counter-transference would be used in psychodynamic counselling ( expressing ones own unconscious feelings onto the therapist) and use this as psychodynamic counsellors believe a client may be using defence mechanisms, therefore must look into their unconscious and may not alwa ys answer questions . this may lead to different reactions in the client a client may feel that the psychodynamic approach of counter transference my be distant as psychodynamic counsellors try to be more professional however in person centred the client may feel more invited to open up . Another clear difference in the two is the way that gender is addressed , psychodynamic counsellors see men and women as psychologically different due the theory of the Oedipus complex yet person centred does not emphasised gender ,therefore psychodynamic approach has been criticised for being phallo-centric . The same applies when cultural differences is looked at however this time it is the psychodynamic approach that does not address culture but the person centred approach that adapts its skills to suite peoples backgrounds . When I look at these two approaches its clear that they separate because overall psychodynamic counselling is about detailed elaboration and looks towards the past and what did exist and what conflicts have not been resolved and believes that people are very self destructive ,all in all psychodynamic approach is a very un positive look on people as a whole and it is often criticized for putting to much emphasis on the past and the stages of development Freud often gets criticized for being old fashioned in comparison to the person centred approach however psychodynamic counselling did offer a lot of new ideas into counselling and still remains very influential. In conclusion I think that there are benefits to both of the counselling approaches and combined persons centred and psychodynamic approaches and together would be a good way to approach counselling however this is debated over widely and not always considered plausible but I think it depends on the therapists individual skills and the model of therapy they use with a client . overall I think that both approaches aim to help the client excel but have very different ways of approaching this and in terms of focusing on a individuals recovery and their overall well being I believe the person centred approach succeeds.

David Fletcher Case Study

Case Study: David Fletcher 1. What are David’s greatest strengths as a team leader? Greatest developmental needs? How did these strengths and weaknesses affect David’s ability to build a successful team the first time around? Points for Class Discussion: Greatest Strengths: * David is focused on the objective of the team and he is well aware of the function of the team once assembled. * David is also good in building mutual connection with his team members as exemplified by his â€Å"student-teacher† relationship with Stephanie. Developmental Needs: * David lacks people skills; He should be more critical in identifying and analyzing interpersonal problems within his organization and address these problems promptly. He should realize that collaboration of his team is as important as their individual contribution, if not more. Effects to Team Building: Having a clear objective of what the team is supposed to be doing will help a lot in achieving its goal. This was evident when the team was smoothly running the first couple of months. However, as the team was not built on solid foundation and members are not really compatible working with each other, cracks eventually formed that lead to the downfall of the group. 2. What type of team was David trying to assemble? What type of team do you think would be most appropriate for this specific business environment? David Fletcher was originally trying to build a research team composing of analysts who are experts in certain industries. His preference of having experts for team members came from the need to analyze and sift through huge amount of research data that can assist him in coming up with sound investment decisions. His decision of building a research team to handle the details of his day to day operations would be the most appropriate strategy given his specific business environment. 3. Discuss what you think the biggest problems/obstacles faced by David in the transition to teams. Considering that David’s strengths rely on his ability to focus on what is in front of him and make sense out of the chaos of information that floods his day to day operation, one of his biggest obstacle is his lacks of skill in observing how his team members interact with each other which highlights his ineffectiveness in people management. Additionally, the lack of structure in the way they organized their team is not really helpful in the overall cohesion and synergy of the group although they claim to have only one goal which is to make money for their investors and improve their portfolio. This brings in another obstacle for David as his initial intention for a team loosely rely on the strength of each individual members instead of capitalizing on a harmonious relationship of the group. 4. Assess David’s second attempt to build a team. As David’s original team falls apart, his effort of building another team has the potential to follow the same route and fall into similar obstacles that lead to the downfall of the original team if he doesn’t analyze deeper the circumstances and factors that lead to the failure. Although the potential team members are promising, there is no guarantee of a cohesive team not unless David invests more on his people to build a harmonious relationship between his subordinates. On the other hand, his initiative to persevere even if challenged with the task of starting all over again to rebuild the team is commendable. 5. What advice would you give to Mary Robinson? Points for discussion: Joining a group involves a lot of risks especially if it is a small, closely-knit team since the interactivity between members is relatively high. Although Mary’s initial impression is positive, there is no guarantee that she can effectively work with the members in the long run. Furthermore, focusing on her area of expertise alone does not guarantee her success since David’s team is involved in various industries which may require her to work with other experts of her team. On the other hand, being in a focused and driven team will greatly improve her skills in portfolio management. If she possesses adequate people skills to blend and work with her team members without any complications then joining David’s team may prove to be a great career move for her.

Barc Sample Paper

ELECTRONICS CAREER www. ecatn. blogspot. com BARC SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER FOR ELECTRONICS If you like my site please support us by sharing website (www. ecatn. blogspot. com) to your friends 1. Differential amplifiers are used in a. instrumentation amplifiers b. voltage followers c. voltage regulators d. buffers 2. The output voltage Vo of the above circuit is a. -6V b. -5V c. -1. 2V d. -0. 2V 3. The ideal OP-AMP has the following characteristics. a) Ri=? ,A=? ,R0=0 b) Ri=0 ,A=? ,R0=0 c) Ri=? ,A=? ,R0=? d) Ri=0 ,A=? ,R0=? ELECTRONICS CAREER www. ecatn. blogspot. com 4. . How many op-amps are required to implement this equation A. B. 3 C. 4 D. 1 5. A very brief, high voltage spike on an ac power line is called as A. A bleeder B. An arc C. A transient D. An avalanche E. A clipped peak 6. You can find the zener diode in A. The mixer in a superheterodyne receiver B. The PLL in a circuit for detecting FM C. The product detector in a receiver for SSB D. The voltage regulator in a power suppl y E. The AF oscillator in an AFSK transmitter 7. A network function can be completely specified by: (A) Real parts of zeros (B)Poles and zeros (C)Real parts of poles (D)Poles, zeros and a scale factor 8. A unit impulse voltage is applied to one port network having two inear components. If the current through the network is 0 for t0then the network consists of (A) R and L in series (B)R and L in parallel (C)R and C in parallel (D)R and C in series ELECTRONICS CAREER www. ecatn. blogspot. com 9. The Q-factor of a parallel resonance circuit consisting of an inductance of value 1mH, capacitance of value 10-5F and a resistance of 100 ohms is (A) 1 (B)10 (C) ? 20 (D) 100 10. In a travelling electromagnetic wave, E and H vector fields are (A) (B) (C) (D) perpendicular in space . parallel in space. E is in the direction of wave travel.H is in the direction of wave travel. 11. The lower cut-off frequency of a rectangular waveguide with inside dimensions (3 ? 4. 5 cm) operating at 10 GHz is ( A) 10 GHz. (B)9 GHz. (C) 10/9GHz. (D) 10/3GHz. 12. The intrinsic impedance of free space is (A) 75 ohm. (B)73 ohm. (C)120 ? ohm. (D)377ohm. 13. Which one of the following conditions will not gurantee a distortionless transmission line (A)R = 0 = G (B)RC = LG (C) very low frequency range (R>> ? L, G >> ? C) (D) very high frequency range (R

SLICK SALES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SLICK SALES - Essay Example This paper will provide a theoretical analysis of three different centers that designed according to three different theories of justice. The first center that will be examined will be structured according to the Utilitarian theory of justice. Thus, this model fits the Utilitarian theory of justice in the following way: it provides opportunity to earn a lot to those who are able to benefit from it the most and it also advocated the necessity to take care of the staff in general. With this in mind, it is important to note that health insurance benefits will be provided for all employees since according to the Utilitarian concept, social welfare should be seen as a moral policy that should be implemented (Shaw, 2013). The Libertarian theory of justice advocated the notion that people should be held responsible for their success and failure, so the government or the company should not interfere into their affairs and only make sure that the conventional rules are not broken. According to the theory of Egalitarianism, every person should be treated equally and without any differences, regardless of one’s talent and ability. In spite of the fact that at first this seems as a perfect model, the number of people who are not satisfied with it will be at least two thirds. Indeed, those employees who will generate the money will be paid as much as those who will generate nothing. Since the model of payment should be regarded as the characteristic feature of each, it may be logical to analyze it first. Thus, the model that will be used in this center combined Reduced Flat Rate and Small Commission. As one can easily seen from the very name of it, the financial funds will be distributed in the following manner: all employees will receive a certain moderate amount of money, but they will also be able to increase with the help of bonuses. It should not come as a surprise that the Libertarian center will be organized in a completely different way.

Contrast the conception of international organizational life explored Essay

Contrast the conception of international organizational life explored in C.F. Amerasinghe's textbook, Principles of the Institutional Law of International Orga - Essay Example One group believes the UN is controlled by the big four and simply a pawn of the United States, because the other three most powerful member states are economically dependent upon the U.S. economy. There is another smaller group which believes quite the same is true of the small member nations controlling the votes. The other main reason for considering the U.N. ineffectual is that it has no teeth and cannot ever be impartial (unless we find a Martian or two to run it). These people mostly believe that the U.N. has outlived it usefulness and should be disbanded. â€Å"Most of the influential members of international organizations have a common cultural background. The style of the United Nations is Western European, as many observers have remarked. The countless shared values, preferences, behavioral patterns and cultural assumptions of this international - and inter-organizational - elite of international organizations’ western or westernized members strongly orient their eventual innovative efforts. On the one hand, these common traits provide an impetus towards innovations, since western cultures prize novelty, dynamism and change. On the other hand, they limit its scope, since only those innovations compatible with the tenets of western cultures are favoured by this group.† (Harari, and Bouza 50) This has the effect of alienating many members and non-members which do not value western culture and who may even see it as the enemy. The U.N. is seldom seen as really impartial, and is viewed by many as the puppet of western imperialism. Even those who see it as essentially good and necessary have doubts. â€Å"Dissatisfaction with the way the UN system and the development experts operate is steadily increasing. Their whole approach to development issues and the style of functioning are being openly questioned. In the eyes of critics, the results achieved are not commensurate with the effort. Development has not lived up to its

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of Essay

With reference to your own research, do you think that the ability of a business to act successfully in a socially responsible manner is mainly determined by the products it produces - Essay Example The concept of CRS rose in the 1960’s after World War II (Carroll & Shabana 2010, p. 86). The primary cause of increased concern in the CSR concept is due to consumer concern social behavior of firms. The concept of CSR has faced both favors and objection. The main objection of CSR is that the primary concern of a business is to improve the profit of its stakeholders. Social issues are the interest of the government and corporations ought not to be involved. Business is also thought not to be capable of handling social issues. According to Carroll & Shabana (2010, p. 87), business has acquired enough power and the social power should not be entrusted to it. Embracing CSR concept in businesses will reduce the national competitiveness both at local and global level. On the other hand, CSR concept has been accredited as the source of business success in various ways. First, CSR determines business viability that consequently determines its future operations and success. CSR concept is also believed to offer a platform to enable business institutions to shun influence and regulation by the government. According to Carroll & Shabana (2010, p. 88), use of CSR will help business to anticipate and initiate social events. Such pro-action is less costly than reacting to than responding to social problems encountered. The significant influence of a product to business performance lies in customer awareness. Products highly affect customer’s top of mind awareness that, consequently affect their loyalty. Top of mind awareness depends on customer’s perception of the ethical values of a firm’s product and services. In determining the relationship between product and business performance, this paper explains the corporate social organization and its outcome of different companies. However, business success in penetrating the market is mainly affected by its quality, price and convenience (Vogel

Macro and micro economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macro and micro economics - Assignment Example Letting the price of shirts be x and that of computers be y. The two countries might trade if the price of computers is: y=11/12x d) There will be less trade between the two countries. The economic well-being of the citizens of the two countries improves since both can acquire the commodities locally. a) The worker in Brazil. This is because they can produce one ounce of coffee in loess time as compared to the worker in Peru and also produce soya beans at a higher rate. b) The worker in Brazil. This is because they can produce the same amount of coffee as the worker in Peru but at a faster rate or within few minutes. c) Peru will import coffee. Brazil will specialize in producing coffee and hence export to Peru. Peru will specialize in production of soya beans. d) After the country specialize in producing and exporting those commodities which they can produce at a relatively lower cost and import those goods which are relatively expensive to produce.

Organization Structure and Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization Structure and Strategies - Essay Example The mission statement therefore should contain information about what the company intends to do; this communication ensures that the organization achieves the set goals and objectives. There are various types of organization structures and they include the hierarchy structure, the matrix structure and the hybrid structure. The choice of the organization structure needs to take into consideration some factors which will help the choice of the best organization structure that will help to achieve common objectives and goals in the organization. The size of the organization will be a factor to consider when choosing the structure to adopt, the size of the organization will be determined by the number of employees, the number of departments and the output levels and number of processes. Appropriate structures adopted in large organizations will help in gaining competitive advantages over rivals because the structure helps to coordinate activities in a more efficient way. A firm has to consider its function when choosing an appropriate structure, if the organization has various process then it would be advisable for the organization to structure according to the functions of each department. The structure will also depend on the nature ... Consumer needs: There is also a need to consider the needs of the consumer when choosing the best structure; in this case the market will influence the optimal choice of structure. Organization processes: The organization processes will also be considered when making decisions about the structure, the structure in an organization where products have to pass through various processes need a structure that clearly identifies these activities in a distinctive manner. The structures: An organization needs also to consider the various advantages and disadvantages associated with each structure before deciding on which structure to adopt, through this consideration a business is able to make optimal decisions. Example the hierarchy structure has been criticized for making waste and also organization failure, all the advantages and disadvantage of this structure must be taken into consideration. Organization strategy: Cost leadership strategy: This strategy is appropriate where an organization has established a good relationship with suppliers and it is possible to acquire raw materials at a lower cost than its rivals and therefore the firm can sell its products in the market at a low price. This is also possible when the firm adopts an efficine tproduction process that minimizes the cost of production, finally this strategy could be used when other firms are unable to minimize their cost. The product differentiation strategy: This strategy can be used if the firm has reputation in the market, it can also be used when the products in the market are not highly differentiated. For this reason therefore this strategy will work if there is high competition and that consumers prefer unique goods from the organization, however this strategy will only be

Call Center Report- from a cultural perspective (includes Essay

Call Center Report- from a cultural perspective (includes communication) - Essay Example The organization acquired necessary property for the call centre and a number of key management employees having British citizenship will supervise the call centre. A UK based company extended the business into the finance and insurance sector with a banking and finance division which was incorporated with around 50,000 customer accounts in mid 2000s. Overtime it became costlier to provide services to the customers; hence to achieve financial savings – in 2011, a decision was taken as part of the five-year strategic plan to open an inbound call centre outside the UK; afterward Manila, Philippine was chosen. The aim of this call centre is to achieve financial savings as well as the benefits of outsourcing while providing satisfactory services to the customers of the company. This report is being prepared to achieve the following objectives: Manila is one of the most energetic and diverse cities of Asia. This city is an extensive mass of humanity, acutely reflecting long heritage of cultures and classes. Straddling the Pasing River’s delta, the Philippines’ capital is actually a group of cities fused into one. There are plenty of highlights in each sub city within Manila. Almost all sorts of life-style facilities and entertainments are available in this city, a number of world’s biggest shopping-malls are in Manila. Depending on the interest of the people vibrant nightlives attract the tourist to Manila (Margaret W. Sullivan, â€Å"The Philippines: Pacific Crossroads†). In the Philippines call centres were started with the services of email responses and relevant managing services. These centres have the capabilities managing and maintaining all types of customer care, customer relations including technical support, travel services, education, financial services, business to business support, business to customer

Porters Five Forces to Analyze the Competitive Environment in which Essay

Porters Five Forces to Analyze the Competitive Environment in which Ryanair operates Bargaining Power of Suppliers - Essay Example The customers of Ryanair are putting on them a lot of collective pressure so that they can lower the travel expenses and improve the quality of their airline services. The customers associated with Ryanair are enjoying a higher bargaining power since switching to other airlines with better services is very easy with little or no costs. In the case of Ryanair, the substitutes for their transport systems include railways, sea transport, and road transport and any strategy by them poses a threat to Ryanair profitability. However, Ryanair is still able to operate at a lower cost, leading to lower cost of services that attract more customers. The threat of new entrants in this industry is relatively low due to high costs involved in the initial stages of the business set up that many cannot afford. Economics of scale can only be enjoyed by big players like Ryanair and this makes other possible investors be scared away (O’Cuilleannain, Falle, Sobokta, Kleinert, Chassart, Farrell, 2004). There is also difficulty in gaining access to distribution channels that poses a barrier to new entrants. Since the airline industry is highly fragmented, competition is very high leading to low returns. In order to survive, Ryanair is constantly coming up with unique business models in order to outweigh their competitors and make reasonable profits. Ryanair is luck since it is based in Europe whereby European Union is a complete stable political region that provides a good environment for business to thrive. The integration of the European Union has provided an opportunity for this airline industry to expand its operations very swiftly without hurdles (Muller, 2011). The operations of Ryanair are also affected by the OPEC since its an organization that determines the fuel prices that Ryanair operates on.

Inclusive Education Essay Example for Free

Inclusive Education Essay This report details the role of educational inclusion, individual and general perspectives on inclusion and how the medical and social models have played a great part in the conception and in its application in regards to inclusion in the past and in recent times. Inclusion has different conception and used in certain terminology that relates to inclusion. It is used in different settings such as in social care and in the educational setting in the society today. In this report I will be focusing on the educational part. The Encarta English Dictionary defines inclusion as the addition of somebody or something to the rest of a whole. This definition has not specified who is to be included but a person or group being part and accepted by the rest of a whole. Inclusion have been defined and interpreted by many as just the integration of children with special educational needs (SEN) into mainstream school. According to (Rigby 2000) these kinds of misconception and viewpoints often lead to the misunderstanding and maltreatment in such a way that it creates room for continuous labelling, bulling and rejection by others without SEN. The term Inclusion according to (The Warnock 1978 Report) was initially used as integration, whereby children with SEN who have been educated in special schools where integrated into mainstream school provided they did not have any effect on adequate use of resources. The definition of inclusion is actually changing and moving, in the sense that, its concept and dynamism is now broader, people are now beginning to fully understand what it means and what it evolve in the society today. It is not just about people with special needs integrating or having the same capabilities to perform but having equal choices on where is more conducive they choose to live, having equal opportunity to engage in whatever they choose to do and being accepted the way they are (Giangreco 1997). Social Inclusion/ Social Exclusion There are no definite definitions for social inclusion and social exclusion, both of them has multiply definitions, it all depends on the context which it is used for and is still being developed. Exclusion can be defined as the act of excluding, or of shutting out, whether by thrusting out or by preventing admission; a debarring; rejection; prohibition; the state of being excluded (Inc Icon Group International 2008). According to the definition above, it indicates that social exclusion is multidimensional; people are not only excluded in the society because of their age, sex, religion, colour, disabilities, race and gender it can also be due to unemployment, homelessness, low income, poor mental health, locality, dysfunctional family, educational achievement, status in the society etc (SEU 2004). This group of people are said to be in a Cycle of Disadvantage ( Pope, Pratt and Hoyle, 1986). Article (136 and 137) of The (1997) Amsterdam Treaty was enacted in order to eliminate exclusion and promote economic and social cohesion. Social inclusion promotes integration and community cohesion, it builds the communities, promotes understanding and unity. Inclusive Education and Government Legislation According to (The 1944 Educational Act) it initially stated that, children’s education should be based on their age, aptitude and ability. During the Act establishment, there was a philosophy that children with special need were to be able fit in the school rather than the school making provision to accommodate them before gaining admission into the mainstream school. The (1944 Act) was in use until 1974, when the Warnock Committee was set up to review the provision that was available for children with Special Educational Need. This committee which was headed by Mary Warnock lead to the publication of the 1978 Warnock Report. The Report concluded that, they were about 20% of children in school population that might have Special Education Need and only 2% of which may require support in the mainstream school. The Warnock Report suggested that there should be a proper provision in place for children with Special Educational Need, which then will ensure that the 2% in mainstream school received the adequate provision. The 1978 Warnock Report had since lead to the enactment and development of various educations Act such as, (1981Education Act), (1993 Education Act), (1996 education Act) and the (2001 Special Educational Needs Disability Act) All these Acts listed above reinforces government’s dedication and commitment to the fully inclusion of children with Special Education Needs into mainstream school and the society as a whole. Inclusive Education and Autism  Abraham Maslow formed a theory on ones personality that has a great influence on education. In his theory of human need, he emphasized that, the student with education need that has a wish or desire to belong to a normal group, that desire creates the motivation to acquire new skills, which the student can only achieve in a learning environment that is void of segregation. He further argued that the sense of belonging is the foundational need that that needs to be met in order to achieve the higher level self actualization. According to (Article 28) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, it stated that every child has a right to education. No child should be discriminated, excluded or deprived on the basis of belonging to a particular group. Therefore Inclusive education can be defined as the integration of adults or children into mainstream school regardless their gender, age, disabilities, ethnicity, colour or impairment (Daniels and Garner 2000). Children with hidden disabilities like autism, which is a life time disability that affects the way a child communicates and interact within the society, are faced with difficulties of being fully included into mainstream school. Prior to the development of the Special Need Education, children with autistic spectrum were viewed under two models of disabilities, Medical or Social Model. These are ways how people viewed and acted towards people with disabilities. The Medical Model of Disability sees the illness in the person first and the individual second, this notion creates a bad and negative conception of disability (Cigman 2007). The Social Model of Disability sees the disable person first before their illness. This model sees the person as an individual, different and unique, who has an equal rights and opportunities to education and other essentials of life. The model recognises the fact that a disable person’s impairment does not regard him or her less than anyone else in the society.